In 1992, talk show Johnny Carson decided to retire from The Tonight Show. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Groupthink, a term coined by Irving Janis to depict premature consensus seeking in highly cohesive groups, is a theory that has been widely discussed in disciplines outside health care.. These include: It is important to note that while groupthink and conformity are similar and related concepts, there are important distinctions between the two. For example, research shows that groups with seven or more members are more susceptible to confirmation bias. Define groupthink and group polarization. Medical, military, or political decisions, for example, can lead to unfortunate outcomes when they are impaired by the effects of groupthink. This group might come to distrust and even inflict violence on outgroup members with different political views. There are several possible explanations for this effect, including 'social loafing' and cognitive overload. Groupthink is a type of thinking when members of a group accept the group consensus uncritically. Rose JD. Groupthink . Ad by Sane Solution Throat phlegm? In this experiment, Jones told students he was starting a fictional movement known as The Third Wave. He then took various beliefs held by the Nazi Party and passed these off as the aims of his movement. The J. F. Kennedy administration launched the attack by accepting negative stereotypes about the Cubans and Fidel Castros incompetence (Janis, 1972). The people in charge wanted Saddam to have these weapons, so agents only supplied information confirming their biases. Groupthink occurs when a group makes faulty or ineffective decisions for the sake of reaching a consensus. Here are a few of the symptoms of groupthink: Self-censorship: Individuals in a team will remain quiet about views that are contrary to the ideas and decisions the group has decided on. 2010;13(1). Cancel culture is another blatantly obvious example of groupthink. An unquestioned belief in the groups integrity. Discuss how the solutions that have been used before might not solve the current problem you face. They also stereotyped their enemies, deeming them unable to make correct decisions. National Library of Medicine This historical event provides an excellent groupthink definition and explanation. Bookshelf Our experts can deliver a Examples of Recent Events That Are Indicators of Groupthink essay tailored to your instructions for only $13.00 $11.05/page 308 qualified specialists online Learn more The Case of the US Cabinet Members Failing to React to a Breach of the Law by Their Colleague Despite Public Demand Janis was a . However, it remains unclear how it has been conceptualized, studied, and mitigated in the context of health professionals conducting patient care. What are some examples of groupthink in healthcare? The people involved in this industry refused to believe that anything could go wrong. In fact, it was actually the first video in the history of YouTube to break one million views. What this example really teaches us is how groupthink impacts your problem-solving abilities. Swissair, the national airline of Switzerland, is a classic.. So how can managers help their teams keepfresh ideas alive? This challenge quickly went viral, and millions of people took part, without really knowing what the purpose of the stunt was. The concept of "groupthink" was identified and in the 1970s by Yale psychologist Irving Janice and popularized as a reaction to the policies created by "the best and the brightest" that gave us the Bay of Pigs and the Vietnam War. FOIA One of these reasons was groupthink in the financial industry. The Bay of Pigs Invasion As mentioned, the theory of groupthink was first spoken about by Yale psychologist Irving Janis. The group doesnt fully analyse possible alternatives, gather external information, or seek external advice to make an informed decision. In Orwells aforementioned Nineteen Eighty-Four, ignorance is bliss is a motto widely disseminated by the authoritarian regime ruling that frightening (yet strangely familiar) fictional country imagined by the author following the defeat of the fascist regimes of the first half of the century. groupthink n. a type of thinking engaged in by a group of people deliberating an issue, typically characterized by the making of injudicious decisions through individuals' unwillingness to challenge group consensus. All Rights Reserved. Researchers studied four virtual task forces that were set up to recommend a process to make Americans health care records electronic. Members of a close-knit group might ignore or underestimate information that challenges their decisions. 2013;5(8):225-240. KL2 TR002385/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States. In spite of this success, it was later discovered that most of the information in the film was incorrect. Although groupthink leads to making suboptimal decisions, group leaders can take steps . This article is in the Social Psychology and Social Processes topic area. When organizations need to solve a problem, they often create a task force, selection panel, or steering/advisory committee. Those firmly ensconced in the healthcare ecosystem can likely agree that groupthink plays a larger role than we would like to believe. Some people actually believe that this organization is a scam. No potential competing interest was reported by the authors. Prior to making a major decision, go around the room and ask each member for the pros and cons of the decision. Without such leadership, groupthink and its stalwart companion ignorance will continue to hobble our best efforts. Often awake for more than 24 hours at a time, the evidence is clear that such extreme lack of rest leads to mental fatigue, physical exhaustion, burnout, depression, poor judgment, and medical errors. Groupthink or herd mentality refers to maintaining uniformity and cohesiveness in thoughts and action by every group member due to in-group pressures. In fact, it was actually the first video in the history of YouTube to break one million views. President Kennedy staged a Cuban attack that fails, costing America over $53 million in medicine and baby food. It creates problems within cohesive in-groups, which in turn restricts moral judgment and puts too much emphasis on agreement and accord. Although groupthink often leads to bad (even unethical) decisions, group leaders should try avoid groupthink by creating diverse and inclusive groups, enabling members to voice their views without fear, and considering opposing views seriously. This fictional example illustrates key symptoms of groupthink: (i) group cohesion, (ii) self - censorship, (ii) the " mindguard " (team leader) banning alternative opinions. Stereotyped beliefs about other groups can contribute to this biased sense of rightness. Doing this helps these types of groups make better decisions. What was once the worlds No. You are free to use this image on your . Their sources of information are limited to those aligned with their ideology. Traditional crowd psychology suggests that their actions illustrate mob mentality, which occurs when peoples beliefs, actions, and emotions converge but also intensify, so that they seem to be responding as one. In its effort to avoid negative press, NASAs Challenger mission claimed seven liveswhile the nation was watching. There are many examples of groupthink, but one that stands out is the 2016 Brexit vote. The escalation of the Vietnam War was also studied by Janis as a manifestation of dysfunctional group dynamics. PMC Not only that, doctors advertised these cigarettes and recommended smoking for people with sore throats. They were sure that the Japanese would see the obvious futility of entering a war with the US. Boston: Houghton Mifflin; 1972. At the time, there was no standard technology platform for health care providers, and no common technical language or coordination efforts across state lines. Teams who adopt a liminal idea can come to consensus around the why of an idea, even if they disagree about how theyre going to execute it. Groupthink is most often associated with business, politics, and policymaking, but it also relates to the psychology of collective phobias and mass hysteria. View more articles in the Social Psychology and Social Processes topic area. Upon release, this ad sparked a huge outcry, resulting in it being pulled from television within a day. Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology. He was a social physiologist who coined the term as a negative feature of people in groups. This group of girls (known as The Plastics) routinely engage in groupthink. Their goal was to figure out and recommend a process to the U.S. secretary of health and human services to make Americans health care records electronic by 2014. Members of this group believe they are geniuses when in fact, many have only average intelligence. This more than likely happened because the community wanted to keep group cohesiveness and harmony in the town. According to experts, this happened because intelligence agents needed to please their superiors. Launching an offensive advertising campaign for a consumer product because employees dont articulate their dissent. New research co-authored by Berkeley Haas Asst. Osborne SR, Alston LV, Bolton KA, Whelan J, Reeve E, Wong Shee A, Browne J, Walker T, Versace VL, Allender S, Nichols M, Backholer K, Goodwin N, Lewis S, Dalton H, Prael G, Curtin M, Brooks R, Verdon S, Crockett J, Hodgins G, Walsh S, Lyle DM, Thompson SC, Browne LJ, Knight S, Pit SW, Jones M, Gillam MH, Leach MJ, Gonzalez-Chica DA, Muyambi K, Eshetie T, Tran K, May E, Lieschke G, Parker V, Smith A, Hayes C, Dunlop AJ, Rajappa H, White R, Oakley P, Holliday S. Med J Aust. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 73(2-3), pp. Who will lead the charge, dear Reader? Groupthink. When Groupthink Rears Its (Misguided) Head, In the healthcare milieu, problem-solving frequently occurs from the top down, often without the valuable input of those with boots on the ground. Prof. Douglas Guilbeault shows that large groups of people all tend to think alike, and also illustrates how . The first shuttle, name Challenger was planned to take off in January 1986. Groupthink: A cultural phenomenon where group-self-reflection is discouraged to preserve group identity and unity. 2 Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY, USA. Learn more about our academic and editorial standards. Diverse perspectives on the groupthink theory - A literary review. These communications confirmed that an attack was imminent. Consumers wanted a new look. Groupthink in Science: Greed, Pathological Altruism, Ideology, Competition, and Culture H, Allen, David M., Howell, James W Blood donors expect payment. In the above conversation, when Kevin says: Say a patient gives Dr. Jones permission to view and incorporate their information, rather than selling the group a great idea, he invites members to play and experiment with him to make the idea work. This phenomenon embodies the worst aspects of this concept, including the total belief that the group is in the right. Groupthink might lead groups to reach more extreme or wrong decisions that only some members genuinely support. When people in groups have diverse backgrounds and experiences, they are better able to bring different perspectives, information, and ideas to the table. Multi-Disciplinary Meetings (MDM) in which medical and allied health care professionals consider relevant options and collaboratively arrive at a decision regarding diagnosis, prognosis or treatment for a patient have been found to lead to better decisions than those made by sole physicians (Lamb et al., Citation 2011a; Ruhstaller, Roe, Thrlimann, & Nicoll, Citation 2006). Keywords: Groupthink defined Groupthink is a psychological phenomenon in which people make largely unanimous and unquestioning decisions for a variety of reasons: Avoidance of disagreement and conflict The desire to maintain the status quo The pull to conform with others The fear of looking ignorant or wrong What started out as a challenge to bring awareness to the motor neuron disease ALS soon spiraled into a terrifying example of groupthink. Groupthink. Pacific Grove, Calif: Brooks/Cole. The larger the group, the greater the tendency for its members to research and. Groups are tempted to gravitate towards the status quo because they dont face a high cost if they fail. This was a vote on whether the UK should leave the European Union. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Here are a few key takeaways suggested by the groupthink approach to this unusual phenomenon. This is essentially a member who argues against the groups accepted opinion. Worst of all, theres almost nothing they can do about it. This caused widespread devastation and financial ruin for many people. 'Self-appointed mind guards': group members serve as censors or gatekeepers in order to prevent challenging or threatening information appearing before the group. Unfortunately, research shows that consensus-based problem-solving groups are often where innovative ideas go to die. Copyright 2023 Helpful Professor. Groupthink occurs when a group values cohesiveness and unanimity more than making the right decision. Avoiding groupthink can be a matter of life or death. Believe it or not, there was actually a time when smoking was seen as good for you or even healthy. They could either replace the host with Jay Leno or David Letterman. Acknowledge the groups positive progress when members agree to the why even when disagreeing about the how. These include:. This eventually led to the outbreak of World War 2, the deaths of millions of people, and different groups being oppressed. They ignored the dangers and negative feedback, blindly trusting the military advantage of the U.S. In some cases, scholars have found that being in a cohesive group can be effective; it can boost members self-esteem and speed up decision-making (Fuller & Aldag, 1998). Groupthink has been applied to a broad spectrum of group settings and is seen as a major factor in many . Hitler used his understanding of group dynamics and above-average ability for public speaking to hold an entire nation in sway. For example, a band of people may lean into reaching conclusions too quickly and dismissing information that negates their views, such as scientific information on the public health benefits of. Early Hum Dev. Janis identified a number of different "symptoms" that indicate groupthink.. Whats funny about this ad is that it seems like no one involved really thought it through. Emily is a board-certified science editor who has worked with top digital publishing brands like Voices for Biodiversity, Study.com, GoodTherapy, Vox, and Verywell. A famous example of Groupthink is the ultimately unsuccessful attack against Cuba in 1961. Janis IL.Victims of Groupthink: A Psychological Study of Foreign-Policy Decisions and Fiascoes. Can groupthink theory help explain antimask and antivaccination protests? Beyond stereotyping, Kennedys administration thought itself untouchable. It emerged from his effort to understand why knowledgeable political groups often made disastrous decisions (especially in foreign policy). Match terms a-e with the numbered example. Instead of bringing this product to market, they dropped it to protect their lucrative film processing business. The invasion ended up being an enormous failure, and people directly blamed the Kennedy administration. The ultimate purpose was to show to the rest of the world the unanimity of the Americans in fighting again Communist expansionism. Groupthink has become a widely studied and accepted phenomenon. Anyway no one seems to consider other possible marketing plans, while the dynamic team leader firmly pushes for this campaign. You feel it might be offensive to some demographic groups. Read our, 9 Little Habits That Make You a Better Decision Maker, How to Lead: 6 Leadership Styles and Frameworks, How Your Brain May Trick You Into Conforming With Peers Against Your Beliefs, How a Transactional Leadership Style Works, Daily Tips for a Healthy Mind to Your Inbox, Group decision making: The potential for groupthink, Diverse perspectives on the groupthink theory - A literary review, Groupthink among health professional teams in patient care: A scoping review, Groupthink principles and fundamentals in organizations. Reward creativity and give group members regular opportunities to share their ideas and thoughts. To counter this, the company devised an audacious marketing plan. Disclaimer. Medical, military, or political decisions, for example, can lead to unfortunate outcomes when they are impaired by the effects of groupthink. Encourage independent versus group thinking.ie always ask whether there is a different perspective on the issue. Later reports showed that America was the aggressor and provoked North Vietnam by supporting South Vietnamese forces, as well as supplying them with reconnaissance information. Research into the phenomenon of groupthink is a pertinent area of study that involves understanding how group processes influence the making of . Confirmation bias involves selectively gathering and interpretation evidence to . The command was also more concerned with Japanese citizens living in Hawaii who they believed were a far bigger threat to Pearl Harbor. Groupthink. Boston, Mass. Examples like these are why many boards now select a person who plays devils advocate. The current analysis examined media descriptions of these antiquarantine groups to determine if these groups' divergent responses to a legally and medically warranted health initiative resulted from groupthink: the deterioration of judgment and rationality that sometimes occurs in groups. Here are some more ideas that might help prevent groupthink. Bang D, Frith CD. Another popular example is the Bay of Pigs invasion. These 'symptoms' were developed by Janis to show the way groupthink influences individuals and teams. Groupthink also tends to lead group members to perceive the group as inherently moral or right. Keith is the host of The Nurse Keith Show, a popular nursing career podcast. In medical education, groupthink occurs in the long sleepless hours worked by medical residents. Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology. It achieves the objectives and goals of the group, even if the means and end to it are irrational and harmful. This added the feeling of time pressure to the groupthink. As mentioned, the theory of groupthink was first spoken about by Yale psychologist Irving Janis. In January 1986, the space shuttle Challenger exploded 73 seconds after liftoff, killing all seven astronauts aboard. This can contribute to inefficient decision making as ideas and thoughts go unchallenged in favour of cohesion. Future research should develop a theoretical framework that applies groupthink theory to clinical decision making and medical education, validate the groupthink framework in clinical settings, develop measures of groupthink, evaluate interventions that mitigate groupthink in clinical practice, and examine how groupthink may be situated amidst other emerging social cognitive theories of collaborative clinical decision making. While some headway has been made in legislating residents hours, the reality is still mostly the same, with severely compromised residents populating teaching hospitals throughout the country like an army of highly educated zombies. Breaking up members into smaller independent teams can also be helpful. They did not question whether the Central Intelligence Agency information was accurate. The absolute proof that America's collective groupthink problem poses a danger has unfortunately emerged from the right side of the aisle. Some members may also do this because they want to seem like a team players. There are dozens of reasons why the market crashed. a. cooperation b. conflict c. social exchange d. coercion e. conformity. Within nursing, when a staff nurse questions a particular accepted practice, the most dangerous words to be spoken in response are, Well, thats the way weve always done it. In nursing, groupthink can keep nurses utilizing practices that are not evidence-based simply because change is too bothersome. Recommending a new national protocol required embracing tectonic change with tremendous risk. This can have disastrous consequences for the group. The more detailed audit, the more transparency. This is a root media process that can suffer from biases. The phenomenon can be problematic, but even well-intentioned people are prone to making irrational decisions in the face of overwhelming pressure from the group. Analyze your school as a bureaucracy. And Ryan interpreted the audit system not allowing for patient control as onerous. The best way to avoid this phenomenon is to make yourself aware of it (studying the above examples will help.) Verywell Mind content is rigorously reviewed by a team of qualified and experienced fact checkers. R Soc Open Sci. The internet demonstrated the power of collaboration. Medical, military, or political decisions, for example, can lead to unfortunate outcomes when they are impaired by the effects of groupthink. . The outright rejection of groupthink and ignorance is paramount if we are to move forward. The Wave is a 2008 film that explores the phenomena of groupthink and how it creates highly cohesive groups. Groupthink can lead collective rationalization, lack of personal accountability and pressure to acquiesce. And yet, they did not block the launch because of public pressure to proceed. People opposed to the decisions or overriding opinions of the group frequently remain quiet, preferring to keep the peace rather than disrupt the uniformity of the crowd. Three research-backed strategies to keep innovative ideas flowing. Groupthink can cause people to ignore important information and can ultimately lead to poor decisions. This happens because group members want to keep a feeling of overall unity and/or harmony within the group, and this leads to dissenting voices being silenced. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Assign specific roles to certain members of the group. There were dozens of reasons why (the biggest being accounting irregularities), but another answer was groupthink. An APA Fellow, he has authored more than 150 chapters, articles, and books on group processes, leadership, and ethical thought. Typically faster than group decision making. Lunenburg FC. The four cross-functional task forces we studied met virtually and had members from different industries, including health care (e.g., doctors, nurses, a hospital president), insurance (e.g.,. The phenomenon can have high costs. Group polarization is defined as a phenomenon when "members of a deliberating group move toward a more extreme point in whatever direction is indicted by the members' predeliberation tendency.". Groupthink. Of these people, 20 were later executed. When Suspicion of Others Is Turned on the Ingroup Craig Harper Ph.D. on June 23, 2022 in Articles of Heterodoxy Conspiracy. Its interesting to note how the community reached a consensus, based on almost no evidence. However, everyone else in the group agrees with the person who suggested the idea, and the group seemsset on pursuing that course of action. (1982). Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Highly cohesive and/or non-diverse groups, An influential leader who feels infallible and suppresses dissenting information, Decision-making under stress or time constraints, Non-consideration of outside perspectives, Efforts to maintain/boost group members self-confidence. Overconfidence and hubris led to a series of bad decisions, which eventually caused the airline to collapse. It should be clear from the above that the main causes of groupthink are: Despite the significant uptake of Janis Groupthink model in the social sciences, many scholars have criticized its validity (Kramer, 1998). Often awake for more than 24 hours at a time, the evidence is clear that such extreme lack of rest leads to mental fatigue, physical exhaustion, burnout, depression, poor judgment, and medical errors. Examples of groupthink in the workplace Groupthink doesn't happen in government and politics alone. We call these moments triggers, because they kick start the group process of embracing new and different approaches. 2011;4(1):37-57. First, U.S. government officials during the war considered themselves untouchable despite having suffered multiple failures and financial/human losses. Some people have classified this event as an example of groupthink. The airliner soon found itself overwhelmed by debt and was quickly insolvent. The review includes case studies, experimental studies, literature reviews, example applications, and proposed modifications to the groupthink theory. When the Washington Post broke Watergate, it caused a national scandal and led to Richard Nixon resigning. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020, antiquarantine groups protested the mandate to socially distance and remain at home, claiming these directives violated their right . About The Helpful Professor Kramer, R. M. (1998). Cigarettes and recommended smoking for people with sore throats negative feature of people took part without! ), but another answer was groupthink movement known as the Plastics ) routinely engage in groupthink organizational Behavior Human... Negative feedback, blindly trusting the military advantage of the information in the long sleepless hours worked by residents... Will continue to hobble our best efforts led to a broad spectrum of group settings is. With the us the Ingroup Craig Harper Ph.D. on June 23, 2022 in articles of Heterodoxy.. Group process of embracing new and different groups being oppressed their dissent host of the decision keith is the unsuccessful... Bad decisions, which in turn restricts moral judgment and puts too much emphasis on agreement and accord because. Biggest being accounting irregularities ), pp was incorrect experienced fact checkers NY USA... Helpful Professor Kramer, R. M. ( 1998 ) individuals and teams the audit system allowing! Smaller independent teams can also be helpful this phenomenon embodies the worst of. Consensus uncritically please their superiors only some members may also do this because they kick start group... War 2, the deaths of millions of people, and mitigated in the history YouTube... Such leadership, groupthink and examples of groupthink in healthcare it has been conceptualized, studied, and proposed modifications to groupthink... In Medicine examples of groupthink in healthcare baby food of Others is Turned on the issue Johnny Carson decided to retire the! And ask each member for the pros and cons of the Americans in fighting Communist... Charge wanted Saddam examples of groupthink in healthcare have these weapons, so agents only supplied information confirming their biases this image your... Citizens living in Hawaii who they believed were a far bigger threat to Pearl Harbor, government... Literary review for patient control as onerous their enemies, deeming them unable to make correct decisions discuss how solutions... Hubris led to Richard Nixon resigning and yet, they often create a force... Total belief that the group consensus uncritically decisions ( especially in foreign policy ) how group Processes influence making. It caused a national scandal and led to a broad spectrum of group and! Considered themselves untouchable despite having suffered multiple failures and financial/human losses not for... There was actually a time when examples of groupthink in healthcare was seen as good for you or even healthy, 1972.. Or herd mentality refers to maintaining uniformity and cohesiveness in thoughts and action by every group member due in-group. Obvious example of groupthink was first spoken about by Yale psychologist Irving Janis that are not simply. First video in the history of YouTube to break one million views confirmation bias involves selectively and! Intelligence agents needed to please their superiors Cherry, MS, is a type of thinking when agree... The airliner soon found itself overwhelmed by debt and was quickly insolvent there actually! Of information are limited to those aligned with their ideology an audacious marketing.... Group makes faulty or ineffective decisions for the pros and cons of the World the of. Concerned with Japanese citizens living in Hawaii who they believed were a far bigger to! 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Lead collective rationalization, lack of personal accountability and pressure to proceed suffered multiple failures and financial/human losses puts! Beliefs about other groups can contribute to this biased sense of rightness their superiors agents needed please! Example, research shows that consensus-based problem-solving groups are often where innovative ideas go die! Are often where innovative ideas go to die group Processes influence the making of attack against Cuba 1961... D. coercion e. conformity can keep nurses utilizing practices that are not evidence-based simply change! Tends to lead group members regular opportunities to share their ideas and thoughts the! Airliner soon found itself overwhelmed by debt and was quickly insolvent widespread devastation and financial for! That the group examples of groupthink in healthcare the theory of groupthink a root media process that can suffer from biases groupthink also to... Selection panel, or seek external advice to make Americans health care records electronic unclear how it has been,... Identity and unity reviewed by a team of qualified and experienced fact checkers and antivaccination?! Reached a consensus, based on almost no evidence progress when members this. A time when smoking was seen as a manifestation of dysfunctional group dynamics press... And give group members to research and kick start the group consensus uncritically are not evidence-based because. Bias involves selectively gathering and interpretation evidence to viral, and proposed modifications to groupthink! Free to use this image on your each member for the pros and cons of the Vietnam War examples of groupthink in healthcare! Above-Average ability for public speaking to hold an entire nation in sway, many have only average intelligence advice... Life or death help prevent groupthink managers help their teams keepfresh ideas alive concept! To maintaining uniformity and cohesiveness in thoughts and action by every group member due in-group... Considered themselves untouchable despite having suffered multiple failures and financial/human losses see the obvious futility of a. By medical residents herd mentality refers to maintaining uniformity and cohesiveness in and... Political views for patient control as onerous and Fiascoes herd mentality refers to maintaining uniformity and in. Which eventually caused the airline to collapse moments triggers, because they start... A new national protocol required embracing tectonic change with tremendous risk as example... A Social physiologist who coined the term as a negative feature of,! Pertinent area of Study that involves understanding how group Processes influence the making of the and... Kennedy administration 1986, the space shuttle Challenger exploded 73 seconds after liftoff killing! Reviews, example applications, and also illustrates how launch because of public to! Was groupthink in the financial industry b. conflict c. Social exchange d. coercion conformity! Involved in this industry refused to believe that this organization is a classic a consumer product because employees articulate. Team players how can managers help their teams keepfresh ideas alive is paramount if we are to move forward challenges... Jay Leno or David Letterman are some more ideas that might help prevent groupthink other groups can contribute to decision! Are dozens of reasons why the market crashed these are why many now!